{"id":3112,"date":"2014-05-11T09:54:33","date_gmt":"2014-05-11T09:54:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dalelane.co.uk\/blog\/?p=3112"},"modified":"2014-05-11T09:54:33","modified_gmt":"2014-05-11T09:54:33","slug":"how-children-learn-to-do-sums-in-primary-school","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dalelane.co.uk\/blog\/?p=3112","title":{"rendered":"How children learn to do sums in primary school"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is a write-up of the presentation that Grace gave at Barcamp Bournemouth<\/a> this weekend. I’ve written about the reaction she got<\/a> already, but I thought her presentation was interesting enough that it’s worth sharing here.<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n

The idea behind her talk was that the way maths is taught in schools today is different to the way it was done when I went to school. <\/p>\n

Put another way, her basic premise was “when Dad helps me with my homework, he gets it all wrong”. \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n

Although, that’s a real point. Her teachers tell parents that if we try and get them to use methods that we learnt at school, that it could just confuse them, or worse: contradict what they learn in class. Some approaches are now thought to make it harder for children to learn essential maths concepts. <\/p>\n

For example, I was taught to add a zero on the end to multiply something by 10. This causes problems when you get onto decimal numbers, when adding a zero on the end makes no difference. 3.4 multiplied by 10 isn’t 3.40. <\/p>\n

This, and other techniques I learnt, aren’t used in Grace’s school any more, because of these sorts of reasons. <\/p>\n

Instead, they are taught a series of techniques, starting with simple methods. As each method gets less effective at larger or more complex sums, they are taught another method that evolves the idea further. <\/p>\n

In Grace’s talk, she went through the methods that they learn and how they are taught to write sums out.<\/p>\n

Addition<\/h3>\n

Adding two numbers using…<\/p>\n

Unstructured number line<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Write your first number on the left of the line, and then jump to the right by the amount of your second number. <\/p>\n

You do this in smaller jumps that are easier, basically in jumps of 10 until you get closer. <\/p>\n

Partitioning<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Partition each number into tens and units. Add them together separately, and then add the results. <\/p>\n

I guess the point is that for now, separating the additions avoids having to do carry-overs. <\/p>\n

Expanded column method<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

This is getting closer to how I learnt, but still they add the tens and units together separately, without the little carry-over numbers that I was taught to use. <\/p>\n

Compensation<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

A bit different. <\/p>\n

You round up the number you’re adding to something easier, then add that instead. <\/p>\n

You then need to subtract the difference between the number you should have added and your rounded number, to compensate for the rounding. <\/p>\n

Subtraction<\/h3>\n

Subtracting one number from another using…<\/p>\n

Unstructured number line<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Start at the right of the line, with your first number. And then jump left by the amount of your second number, doing it in smaller jumps that are easier to do (in hundreds or tens until you get closer). <\/p>\n

Partitioning<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Partition the second number into tens and units. Subtract the tens from the first number. And then subtract the units from the result as a second step.<\/p>\n

Counting up<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Start at the left of the number line with the number that you want subtract (the second number). And then jump up the number line until you reach the number you’re subtracting from (your first number). <\/p>\n

The amount that you’ve had to jump to get there is the answer.<\/p>\n

Compensation<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

You round up the number you’re subtracting to something easier, then subtract that instead. <\/p>\n

You then need to add the difference between the number you should have subtracted and your rounded number, to compensate for the rounding. <\/p>\n

Multiplication<\/h3>\n

Multiplying numbers using…<\/p>\n

Arrays<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Draw an array of dots, then count them. Only practical for small numbers, but it’s a way to make it clear how multiplication works. <\/p>\n

Partitioning<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Partition up the number to multiply, and then multiply them separately. Add up each of the results, using any of the addition methods above. <\/p>\n

Grid method<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Write out the sum in a grid, and do each bit separately. <\/p>\n

One difference between what they do now and what I used to do is that the tens\/hundreds\/etc are still written out in full, to reinforce the message of the position. <\/p>\n

Add up each of the results, using any of the addition methods above. <\/p>\n

Short column method<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Getting closer to how I used to learn long multiplication, multiplying each of the tens and units individually and then adding them together. <\/p>\n

Division<\/h3>\n

Dividing numbers using…<\/p>\n

Sharing<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

A very simple first method, imagining a number of people to share a collection of objects between. It doesn’t scale to very large numbers, but it’s how they start until they’re clear what division is. <\/p>\n

Repeated subtraction<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Subtract the number that you’re dividing by, repeatedly, until you reach zero. Then count the number of times you subtracted. <\/p>\n

Chunking<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Like repeated subtraction, but for larger numbers. You subtract multiples of the number you’re dividing by, instead of one at a time. <\/p>\n

You can subtract any multiple you can think of, and keep doing that until you reach zero. Then you sum the multiples it took. <\/p>\n

Inverse operation<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

They still spend a lot of time drilling the kids on times tables. So one approach they learn for division is reframing the sum as a multiplication with a missing value. <\/p>\n

If they know the times-table answer, then they just know the answer. Otherwise, they learn to count up until they get to it.<\/p>\n

And that’s it…<\/h3>\n

There are other techniques they learn, but those are the ones Grace got through in her talk. <\/p>\n

Using a stylus and an iPad running Keynote connected to a projector, she went through the sums I’ve captured screenshots of here, explaining the idea as she went. <\/p>\n

\n

Just learned how 9 year-old Grace is taught how to do maths at school. Great talk and really interesting! #BCBOMO6<\/a> pic.twitter.com\/5PyW3SRU6M<\/a><\/p>\n

— Alex Washtell (@awashtell) May 10, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n